机器人辅助下钻孔减压治疗股骨头坏死与传统手术的对比

文题释义：股骨头缺血性坏死：由创伤性和非创伤性原因引起的股骨头病变的病理过程，临床以髋关节疼痛、功能障碍为主要表现。此病病程长、预后差，易引起股骨头塌陷，引起髋关节退变，股骨头坏死早期可行钻孔减压治疗，后期需要行全髋关节置换。 钻孔减压：即髓芯减压，是在1964年由Arlet和Float首创，空心钻头在克氏针的引导下沿克氏针由股骨大转子外侧向股骨头坏死区域定位，到达股骨头皮质下方。股骨头中间形成孔道使股骨头起到减压的效果。背景：为了延缓早期股骨头坏死的进一步加重，股骨头钻孔减压是一种较好的治疗方法，但传统股骨头钻孔减压手术创伤大。 目的：对比机器人辅助下钻孔减压治疗股骨头无菌性坏死与传统手术疗效的差异。 方法：纳入40例行股骨头无菌性坏死钻孔减压患者进行回顾性对比分析，根据治疗方案分为2组。机器人组在机器人辅助下对18例(26个股骨头)进行股骨头钻孔减压治疗，其中FicatⅠ期13例(18个股骨头)，FicatⅡ期5例 (8个股骨头)；传统手术组共22例患者(29个股骨头)，其中FicatⅠ期15例 (19个股骨头)，FicatⅡ期7例(10个股骨头)。对比2组患者的手术切口、术中透视次数、术中出血量、术中穿刺次数及手术时间，术前及术后1，3，6个月根据Harris评分评估髋关节功能。结果与结论：①所有患者均随访6个月以上；②机器人组术中切口长度、术中出血量、透视次数、术中穿刺次数、手术时间均优于传统组，差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)；③2组患者术后1，3，6个月Harris评分相比差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)；④提示与传统术式相比，机器人辅助下钻孔减压治疗股骨头无菌性坏死的疗效方面并未见明显优势，但其手术切口小，术中透视次数少，创伤小，操作更加安全微创。 ORCID: 0000-0002-1809-7037(罗进) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节；骨植入物；脊柱；骨折；内固定；数字化骨科；组织工程     

Electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area evokes sleep‐like state transitions under urethane anaesthesia in the rat medial prefrontal cortex via dopamine D1‐like receptors

The role of dopamine in regulating sleep‐state transitions during, both natural sleep and under anaesthesia, is still unclear. Recording in vivo in the rat mPFC under urethane anaesthesia, we observed predominantly slow wave activity (SWA) of <1 Hz in the local field potential interrupted by occasional spontaneous transitions to a low‐amplitude‐fast (LAF) pattern of activity. During periods of SWA, transitions to LAF activity could be rapidly and consistently evoked by electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Spontaneous LAF activity, and that evoked by stimulation of the VTA, consisted of fast oscillations similar to those seen in the rapid eye movement (REM)‐like sleep state. Spontaneous and VTA stimulation‐evoked LAF activity occurred simultaneously along the dorsoventral extent of all mPFC subregions. Evoked LAF activity depended on VTA stimulation current and could be elicited using either regular (25–50 Hz) or burst stimulation patterns and was reproducible upon repeated stimulation. Simultaneous extracellular single‐unit recordings showed that during SWA, presumed pyramidal cells fired phasically and almost exclusively on the Up state, while during both spontaneous and VTA‐evoked LAF activity, they fired tonically. The transition to LAF activity evoked by VTA stimulation depended on dopamine D₁‐like receptor activation as it was almost completely blocked by systemic administration of the D₁‐like receptor antagonist SCH23390. Overall, our data demonstrate that activation of dopamine D₁‐like receptors in the mPFC is important for regulating sleep‐like state transitions.     

Effects of social subordination and oestradiol on resting‐state amygdala functional connectivity in adult female rhesus monkeys

Preclinical studies demonstrate that chronic stress modulates the effects of oestradiol (E2) on behaviour through the modification of the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neuronal structure. Clinical studies suggest that alterations in amygdala functional connectivity (FC) with the mPFC may be associated with stress‐related phenotypes, including mood and anxiety disorders. Thus, identifying the effects of stress and E2 on amygdala‐mPFC circuits is critical for understanding the neurobiology underpinning the vulnerability to stress‐related disorders in women. In the present study, we used a well‐validated rhesus monkey model of chronic psychosocial stress (subordinate social rank) to examine effects of E2 on subordinate (SUB) (i.e. high stress) and dominant (DOM) (i.e. low stress) female resting‐state amygdala FC with the mPFC and with the whole‐brain. In the non‐E2 treatment control condition, SUB was associated with stronger left amygdala FC to subgenual cingulate (Brodmann area [BA] 25: BA25), a region implicated in several psychopathologies in people. In SUB females, E2 treatment strengthened right amygdala‐BA25 FC, induced a net positive amygdala‐visual cortex FC that was positively associated with frequency of submissive behaviours, and weakened positive amygdala‐para/hippocampus FC. Our findings show that subordinate social rank alters amygdala FC and the impact of E2 on amygdala FC with BA25 and with regions involved in visual processing and memory encoding.     

基于静息态脑电图的卒中后抑郁脑网络异常特征研究

目的 基于静息态脑电图探索卒中后抑郁（post-stroke depression，PSD）脑网络特征异常改变，提取 客观生物标志物。 方法 回顾性分析深圳市人民医院脑电数据库中缺血性卒中慢性期患者病例资料，收集静息态 脑电图与汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton depression scale，HAMD）、MMSE及NIHSS评分资料。以HAMD评分 ≥20分为分界值，并通过病灶位置及体积匹配将患者分为PSD组和卒中后非抑郁（post stroke nondepression， PSND）组。脑电图数据预处理后，分别基于相干性虚部及能量包络在皮层源层面建立不同 频段功能连接矩阵，采用基于网络的统计方法分析两组间差异。 结果 与PSND组比较，PSD组患者①基于相干性虚部的脑网络连接在δ频段减弱，以顶叶脑区连接 减弱更明显；θ频段减弱，以左侧额顶颞枕、边缘叶及右侧额叶连接减弱更明显；γ频段增强，以左 侧额叶、边缘叶及右侧顶叶脑区连接增强更明显；②基于能量包络的脑网络连接在α频段增强，以双 侧顶枕叶脑区连接增强更明显。 结论 PSD患者脑网络发生异常改变，静息态脑电图是揭示这种改变的有效工具。     

Effect of multichannel transcranial direct current stimulation to reduce hypertonia in individuals with prolonged disorders of consciousness: A randomized controlled pilot study

BackgroundSpasticity management in severely brain-injured patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is a major challenge because it leads to complications and severe pain that can seriously affect quality of life.ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the feasibility of a single session of transcranial direct current stimulations (tDCS) to reduce spasticity in chronic patients with DOC.MethodsWe enrolled 14 patients in this double-blind, sham-controlled randomized crossover pilot study. Two cathodes were placed over the left and right primary motor cortex and 2 anodes over the left and right prefrontal cortex. Hypertonia of the upper limbs and level of consciousness were assessed by the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). Resting state electroencephalography was also performed.ResultsAt the group level, spasticity was reduced in only finger flexors. Four responders (29%) showed reduced hypertonicity in at least 2 joints after active but not sham stimulation. We found no behavioural changes by the CRS-R total score. At the group level, connectivity values in beta2 were higher with active versus sham stimulation. Relative power in the theta band and connectivity in the beta band were higher for responders than non-responders after the active stimulation.ConclusionThis pilot study highlights the potential benefit of using tDCS for reducing upper-limb hypertonia in patients with chronic DOC. Large-sample clinical trials are needed to optimize and validate the technique.     

Histoire et fonctions des Unités pour Malades Difficiles (1re partie). Du quartier de sûreté à l’Unité pour Malades Difficiles de Villejuif,plus d’un siècle de prise en charge

This article is the first in a series of three, dedicated to the history and functions of what is known as a UMD in France: Unités pour Malades Difficiles, or “Units for Difficult Patients”. This particular article focuses on the oldest such secure structure, UMD Henri Colin, created in 1910 in Villejuif as a quartier de sûreté, or a “secure ward”. The article aims to detail evolutions in treatment and the types of patient treated over more than one hundred years, parallel to social change. Four distinct chronological periods are examined, for their perspective on professional practice as much as for the reasons given for patients’ admission and the psychopathological profiles of “dangerous” patients. Clinical vignettes are used to illustrate this historical evolution.